1. Which of the following is a major disease caused by a fungus?

A) Downy mildew
B) Bacterial wilt
C) Mosaic virus
D) Root rot

2. What is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another called?

A) Germination
B) Pollination
C) Fertilization
D) Photosynthesis

3. Which of the following is a common symptom of potassium deficiency in plants?

A) Yellowing of older leaves
B) Necrosis at leaf edges
C) Stunted growth
D) Curling of leaves

4. What is the primary role of nitrogen in plants?

A) Structural component of plant cells
B) Photosynthesis
C) Protein synthesis
D) Water absorption

5. Which of the following is an example of a leguminous crop?

A) Wheat
B) Rice
C) Soybean
D) Barley

6. What type of pathogen causes Fusarium wilt in plants?

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Nematodes

7. What is the primary characteristic of an autotrophic plant?

A) It depends on other organisms for food
B) It makes its own food through photosynthesis
C) It lives in symbiotic relationships with animals
D) It absorbs nutrients directly from the soil

8. Which soil nutrient is essential for the formation of proteins in plants?

A) Phosphorus
B) Nitrogen
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

9. Which of the following crops is commonly grown as a rotational crop to manage soil health?

A) Soybean
B) Wheat
C) Cotton
D) Tobacco

10. What type of irrigation system is most efficient in water usage?

A) Flood irrigation
B) Sprinkler irrigation
C) Drip irrigation
D) Surface irrigation

11. Which method is commonly used to control weeds in organic farming?

A) Herbicide application
B) Manual weeding
C) Genetically modified crops
D) Soil sterilization

12. Which of the following is a disease caused by a bacterial pathogen?

A) Potato blight
B) Fire blight
C) Downy mildew
D) Rust

13. Which of the following is an advantage of organic farming over conventional farming?

A) Increased use of synthetic fertilizers
B) Higher crop yields in all cases
C) Better sustainability and environmental protection
D) More water usage

14. Which type of pathogen causes blight in plants?

A) Viruses
B) Fungi
C) Nematodes
D) Bacteria

15. Which of the following is a characteristic of monoculture farming?

A) Growing a variety of crops in the same field
B) Using rotating crops to manage pests
C) Growing one type of crop over large areas
D) No use of pesticides

16. What is the primary benefit of crop rotation?

A) Increased water usage
B) Reduced soil fertility
C) Reduced pest and disease cycles
D) Higher labor costs

17. What is the main purpose of composting in sustainable agriculture?

A) To increase the use of synthetic fertilizers
B) To produce organic matter to improve soil
C) To generate heat for crops
D) To control pests

18. Which of the following is a symptom of phosphorus deficiency in plants?

A) Leaf curling
B) Yellowing of younger leaves
C) Brown leaf spots
D) Purplish discoloration of leaves

19. Which type of pest control involves using pheromone traps?

A) Chemical control
B) Physical control
C) Biological control
D) Cultural control

20. Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for phototropism?

A) Cytokinin
B) Ethylene
C) Auxin
D) Gibberellin

21. Which of the following is an advantage of genetically modified crops?

A) Higher resistance to pests and diseases
B) Reduced water usage
C) Improved soil quality
D) Lower crop yields

22. What is an example of biological pest control?

A) Using chemical pesticides
B) Introducing natural predators or parasites
C) Trapping pests with physical barriers
D) Burning infected crops

23. What is the ideal pH range for most agricultural crops?

A) 4.0 – 5.0
B) 5.5 – 7.0
C) 7.0 – 8.5
D) 8.5 – 9.5

24. A plant virus must have which of the following?

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) Either DNA or RNA
D) Both DNA and RNA

25. What is the term used for the complete failure of a crop due to disease or pest infestation?

A) Famine
B) Crop loss
C) Crop failure
D) Yield reduction